Questionary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Questionary - Essay Example The distinction is typically limited between human nouns and non human nouns that refer to inanimate objects. Noun classes refer to an extension of the grammatical gender concept such that nouns are classed on a number of distinctions other than human and non human. These classes could be composed of any number and styles of distinctions from one language to another. Numeral classifiers tend to count objects by placing them in specific classes while counting them at the same time. This tradition is more common in East Asian languages. 4. The best method to test for a noun is to allow the informant to construct as many morphological forms as possible for each word. It is advisable to allow the informant to use gender classifications as well as other grammatical devices to discover as many variations as possible. In contrast, to test for pronouns, it is relevant to see if adjectives or certain other grammatical forms are able to modify the word. If modification with this method is possible, then the word is a pronoun and vice versa. 5. Phonological differences as in the Polish case mean that the field worker may assume that the few tried phonological variations are all that is required for classification. However, this may not be true at all and further classification may be required depending on the language’s peculiarities. 6. Suppletion refers to the use of a particular word in the inflected form of another particular word when both words are not cognate in any manner. Suppletive forms tend to be highly irregular as the gap in the paradigm is provided by an unrelated paradigm. For example the plural of girl is girls in English but the plural of man is not mans. Instead, it is men. 8. When carrying out elicitation, it is impractical to go through each and every single word being related by the informant since it would affect the efficiency. However, if too much

Groups and Culture Essay Example for Free

Groups and Culture Essay Cultural and social expectations dictate that individuals as members of one culture or society interact with other members, it is in the interpersonal relationships and interactions that the individual has with others that socialization occurs (Hofstede, 2000). The first interpersonal relation that an individual in any culture would have is confined in the family. Growth and maturation however dictates that the individual relate and interact with other people outside of his or her family, this could be teachers, caregivers, classmates and friends. Interacting with other people widens the perspective of the individual, in play children learn how to communicate and compromise, in the classroom, they learn to compete and cooperate and in the workplace, they learn to conform and collaborate (Hofstede, 2000). Everyone is part of a group, be it the family, a neighborhood, a class, a department, or a community. A fully functioning and healthy individual would be a member of two or more groups, and for each group, a different set of rules and expectations apply. A universal characteristic of groups is that it consists of two or more individuals who are interacting and behaving towards a common goal. Within this setting, group members constantly communicate, cooperate, and conform to the rules and objectives of the group (Guss, 2002). For example, a gang of adolescent boys had been formed based on friendship, and each member subscribes to the rules of the gang, thus behaviors like rites of initiation are meant to strengthen the member’s commitment to the group. The goal of the gang may simply be to cultivate their friendship and protect each other, thus the members would cooperate in order to achieve that goal (Brew, Hesketh Taylor, 2001). In contrast, a group of teenagers in a bus is not really a group because they do not have shared rules and expectations, although they may have the same goal, and that is to reach their destination. Groups also tend to form and break up over the course of life events and human development. The behavior of groups and its members are also heavily influenced by the dominant culture in which it is situated. A group of workers in a collectivist culture like that of South Korea would strongly conform to the rules and regulations of the organization they work for (Hofstede, 2000). Complaints against company practices or policies are expected to be minimal such that collectivist cultures places value on group cohesion, unity, and cooperation. Workers in South Korea would believe that they are working not for themselves but for their families, their organization and their country. Thinking of one’s self above others in this culture is frowned upon, thus, not many individuals take leadership roles because it calls attention to oneself (Hofstede, 2000). Thus, workers conform without question, they cooperate with the given policies and they build relationships among the workers. On the other hand, a group of workers in an individualist culture like the US is not as easily conforming and cooperative as the workers in South Korea. Individualist cultures places importance on individual achievement, individual differences, self-expression and nonconformity (Hofstede, 2000). Workers in the US would join organizations that provide them with the opportunities for individual achievement and professional growth. To a certain degree, US workers do conform to the expected behavior of workers, but only if they perceive it as a necessary requirement of their individual performance. For example, workers generally attend company activities because they get something out of it, or because it is required of them to come and attendance would have positive implications in one’s performance rating (Hofstede, 2000). In this culture, workers are vocal about their ideas and opinions about the organization’s policies, they are confrontational such that demanding increase in one’s salary is the norm, not the exception. References Brew, F. P. , Hesketh, B. , Taylor, A. (2001). Individualistic-collectivist differences in adolescent decision making and decision styles with Chinese and Anglos. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 1-19. Guss, C. D. (2002). Decision making in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. In W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, D. N. Sattler (Eds. ), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 4, Chapter 3), (http://www. wwu. edu/~culture), Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA. Hofstede, G. (2000). Cultures consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed. ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poe Overview On January 19, 1809, in Boston Massachusetts one of the world’s most distinguished writers was born. This writer’s name was Edgar Allan Poe, he was born the son of an actress and an actor . At the age of three, Poe’s mother gave him up to a prosperous merchant by the name of John Allan who took care of him until he began running into gambling problems at the school which he attended in Virginia. He only attended for one year due to these troubles. Poe than began to continue his studies in England and began to write. After Poe had finished his studies in England he came back to the States to enlist in the army. There he wrote and published his first book called Tamerlane and Other Poems at his own expense. After Poe’s leaving the army, with the help of John Allan and his fellow cadets he wrote his second book. In 1837, Poe went to New York in search of work and this is where he not only marries his cousin Virginia, but is also the p lace in time when his writing courier really launches. In 1847 Poes’ life becomes a disaster due to the death of his beloved wife, Virginia. Poe become absent minded and began drinking heavily. Edgar Allen Poe’s life experiences, particularly his repeated substance abuse and the loss of the women he loved, are evident in the stories that he wrote. Edgar Allan Poe Pg.1 On January 29, 1845, Poe’s most mystifying poem appeared, The Raven. This was a story that Poe wrote that helped us understand his feelings that were felt due to the loss of his wife(Double Day & Company). The words used to describe the raven in the story make the raven up to be death coming for him. The words such as "so faintly you cam tapping, tapping at my chamber door" show how the raven resembled death which took his wife away and will soon take him. Poe also described his heart ache by describing the ravens eyes as burning through his chest. Alcohol and drugs played a key role in the deep dark setting of this story. Also Poe had a fixation with the name Lanoro but nobody ever found out who she was, but men believe that it was Poe’s secret lover after the death of his wife. Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers Edgar Allan Poe Overview On January 19, 1809, in Boston Massachusetts one of the world’s most distinguished writers was born. This writer’s name was Edgar Allan Poe, he was born the son of an actress and an actor . At the age of three, Poe’s mother gave him up to a prosperous merchant by the name of John Allan who took care of him until he began running into gambling problems at the school which he attended in Virginia. He only attended for one year due to these troubles. Poe than began to continue his studies in England and began to write. After Poe had finished his studies in England he came back to the States to enlist in the army. There he wrote and published his first book called Tamerlane and Other Poems at his own expense. After Poe’s leaving the army, with the help of John Allan and his fellow cadets he wrote his second book. In 1837, Poe went to New York in search of work and this is where he not only marries his cousin Virginia, but is also the p lace in time when his writing courier really launches. In 1847 Poes’ life becomes a disaster due to the death of his beloved wife, Virginia. Poe become absent minded and began drinking heavily. Edgar Allen Poe’s life experiences, particularly his repeated substance abuse and the loss of the women he loved, are evident in the stories that he wrote. Edgar Allan Poe Pg.1 On January 29, 1845, Poe’s most mystifying poem appeared, The Raven. This was a story that Poe wrote that helped us understand his feelings that were felt due to the loss of his wife(Double Day & Company). The words used to describe the raven in the story make the raven up to be death coming for him. The words such as "so faintly you cam tapping, tapping at my chamber door" show how the raven resembled death which took his wife away and will soon take him. Poe also described his heart ache by describing the ravens eyes as burning through his chest. Alcohol and drugs played a key role in the deep dark setting of this story. Also Poe had a fixation with the name Lanoro but nobody ever found out who she was, but men believe that it was Poe’s secret lover after the death of his wife.

Hunting Snake and Cockroach

The poems â€Å"Hunting Snake† and â€Å"The Cockroach† are very different but also vastly similar poems. The predominant language feature that is common in both poems is an extended metaphor – this is used in â€Å"Hunting Snake† to represent the colonisation of the Aborigines in Ancient Australia, and in â€Å"The Cockroach† to represent human nature, values and the way we live our lives. The poem â€Å"Hunting Snake† is obviously a poem about a group of people coming across a snake, staring in awe at its beauty and dissimilarity and then moving on. Wright uses a lot of sibilance in this poem, perhaps to emphasise the snake.However if we explore deeper we notice that the poem is not about this at all – in fact it has an exceptionally different meaning. The entire poem is an extended metaphor for the colonisation of the Aborigines in Australia – the snake represents the Aborigines and the persona represents the colonisers. Alth ough the colonisers saw the incredibly beautiful and unique Aborigines, they simply looked at each other and walked on – this is exactly what happens during every colonisation. The colonisers do not think about anyone else’s feelings, just their own personal or monetary gain.Hunting Snake is a poem about ancient beliefs and values, and the way that humans acted many years ago. In comparison, the poem â€Å"The Cockroach† is also one that addresses the issue of human nature and values. Kevin Halligan uses a cockroach to portray a ‘disgusting’ creature, one that many people are eager to kill and get rid of. Cockroaches also have a very nomadic lifestyle – they scurry about from place to place, never settling down and are always â€Å"on the go†. Halligan wishes for us to compare the cockroaches’ lifestyle with our own – the scampering motion of the bug is a reflection of his (and all humans’) nomadic lifestyle.By des cribing these frantic movements he is saying something about how most of us live our lives and our incapability to settle down – we are all in a hurry to move on to the next chapter in our lives, the next milestone, the next day, month, or year. This poem is set in modern day, it is written as if the cockroach is inside a house or a building, not outside like Hunting Snake. This technique helps to give us a better understanding of the poem – we can more easily relate it to human nature and our own lifestyles.

VOCATIONAL TRAINING IS A REMEDY FOR EMPLOYMENT SCARCITY

As the people of Sri Lanka soon we are go throughing the period with winning feeling and savoring the sugariness of autonomy and harmoniousness because of the peace. As a state every bit good as a state, all human being of this beautiful island suffered from difficult clip period. It is non merely war with the LTTE, but besides with some other Rebels get downing from 1971. All the people of state tasted the resentment of war for few decennaries. If person tries to unfasten and analyze the ground behind that, why state faced such an unfortunate clip period. There may be 1000s of grounds. Some of are really outstanding. But one chief ground is shadowing all of these outstanding header. That, they could non able to recognize their outlooks. Why they could non recognize their outlooks? The simplest reply is â€Å" Money † . Why I try to indicate it out. Each and every 1 has an aspiration when they start their life. It is comfy life. At present planetary scenario the make up one's minding factor is money. Money decides degrees of people, aspirations which can be made realistic. When the group of people missed their outlooks and aspirations those group is isolated from the community. Because they do n't hold any order over the community. They do non hold individuality. Then they try to re-establish their image by hook or criminal. The war shapers used their unrest to carry through their organisational ends. What is the most threaten and apt to expose to this class. School drop-outs are the chief group. Because they are equipped with the writhing immature bloods. 2. As a state we should halt it today non even tomorrow. If we unable to make it once more our state will lose 1000s of lives 1000000s of rupees and uncountable worth of freedom? What is the reply we can do as a authorities and authorising power. The authorities should clearly place the group of people which is exposing the unrestrained state of affairs. They should steer to the manner what they can recognize their aspirations. 3. The vocational preparation is the effectual and sustainable reply for it. Country should hold strategic degree program to heighten the vocational preparation. Still state is non enriched with the wealth of skill labour force. Not merely Sri Lanka but all over the universe accomplishment labor has good market value. As a state if we are able to turn to that, authorities will be able earn batch of foreign grosss other than directing as unskilled labors.Statement OF PROBLUM4. The statement of job can split to two major parts: a. Sociable Due to the big figure of school bead outs may do serious societal job. They are express high tendencies to fall in with underworld packs and other sort of armed pack such as Rebels and robbers and certain sick legal activities. B. Economic The immature age is equipped with more bravery and morale. As a state if non utilised younger coevals in right manner, it will lose most energetic valuable labor force. As a developing state it is really hard to bear up big sum of dependents.Chapter 2Aim1. General Objective. Analyze the best class of action and do suggestion to better career preparation sector. 2. Specific Objective. The specific aims of the paper are as follows. a. present status of vocational preparation and what are the countries have to better? b. why school dropouts are specially targeted? c. what is employment scarceness and vocational preparation.Hypothesis3. Bettering the vocational preparation in Sri Lanka will promote school drop-out to anticipate assorted occupation chances.DATA COLLECTION METHODS4. The information aggregation has planned through the ministry of young person intimacies and accomplishments development and The Vocational Training Authority of Sri Lanka and based on the documental beginnings including publications, shoping the Internet and non authorities organisation.Restriction5. The clip available to carry on this research will be merely less than 2 1/2 months. The length of the paper will be limited to about 5000 words, and it will non be possible to roll up informations from all the dependable beginnings.Chapter 3Methodology1. This survey will be based on documental beginnings such as authorities organisation, publications, Newspapers and Internet. It is intended to garner primary and secondary informations information as follows Primary Source The information aggregation will based on authorities organisations. Secondary Source The information aggregation will be based on publications, Newspaper articles and shoping the Internet.Chapter 4WHAT IS EMPLOYMENT SCARCITY AND VOCATIONAL Training1. Employment scarceness is defined as inaccessibility of employment chances. It is calculated as rate of unemployment. What are the grounds for the occupation scarceness? If it examine in closer position figure of grounds are behind it. But it can place few of outstanding grounds. The first 1 is economical ground. As a underdeveloped state, authorities can non offer occupation chance for each and every life been at the state. Even it can non offer for the developed state. Another factor is cultural and societal attitude of the people. The society is acknowledge some occupations are belongs to take down degree and some are higher degree. As an illustration most of people do non wish work as a husbandmans. Everybody attempt to acquire higher place. The people do non like to fall in as labors because they bel ieve it is non suited to their household degrees. Some of occupations are labelled to the relevant dramatis personaes. It is traveling to household to household. New coevals does non wish to go on it as it is. Some of occupations are labelled with the names such as â€Å" Malu Karaya † so people refuse to make occupation like that. Some of educated people such as alumnuss are looking occupation chance from the authorities. They do n't wish to fall in to private sector. To get the better of those state of affairss are non an easy. Because it is practised from the coevalss ago. But as a authorities it has to happen redresss for this. Otherwise society will lose the sustainability. The conceptual thought can non alter overnight. It will take more and more clip. But authorities can busy people to another chance. Through the vocational preparation it can assist to keep societal sustainability. The definition of vocational preparation is[ 1 ]â€Å" Train group or persons for the s pecific calling or trade, excepting professions. Vocational preparation may concentrate on practical applications of accomplishments and non much related with the academic accomplishments † . The job which is arise in Sri Lanka whether vocational preparation plans meet the needed criterion and is it included ethical and philosophical preparation which helps to keep societal sustainability. When Sri Lanka considered, the unemployment rate as last one-fourth[ 2 ]of twelvemonth 2010 is 4.9 % it is excluded North and East state. Even excluded both states 353163 people are remain as unemployed strength[ 3 ]. The statistic section presume including North and East state it will easy go through the 600,000. Government of Sri Lanka have to hold a strategic degree program to take a part of younger coevals to the economic system. The vocational preparation is the best watercourse for it. Because still Sri Lanka has colonial educational system. When the British regulating the state they i ntroduced educational system to provide their demands and it was limited to authorities service. Even after 1948 none of authorities attempts to alter the educational system. But clip to clip some amendments were made. But none of were address the root cause. After debut of free instruction system rate of school attendant was increased quickly. More and more people send their kids to school. But at that clip the merchandise was sufficient to the island demands and it fulfilled the demand of authorities service. The major job was raised after presenting of free trade system to Sri Lanka. Most of affluent people started their ain concern and companies. But still job is bing none of them were address the job. The predominating instruction system is filter pupils at the two major phases. It is Ordinary degree and Advance degree. Though authorities spend 1000000s of money due to miss of productiveness of predominating educational system the ultimate merchandise is really less. Merely few pupils are acquiring chance to come in the University for higher instruction. If less figure of pupils get the opportunity for higher surveies what would go on for the remainder sum. That is the root cause authorities should turn to. As sustainable remedy authorities can present vocational preparation. It should distribute to broader country. It should concentrate every sort of school dropouts. As an illustration it should get down from Non-schooling phase to pupils who are completed beforehand degree without choosing to the university. If authorities success on this facet. As a authorities it can use its labour force 100 % . It will convey benefits for the whole community from assorted facets, particularly socially and economic. In economic aspect authorities have less figure of dependants and more skilled labor force. In societal facet less sum of debatable state of affairss such as robberies.Chapter 5WHY SCHOOL DROP-OUT SPECIALLY TARGETED?1. During this chapter will discourse the group aimed for the vocational preparation are. a. Primary-Early dropouts B. Secondary – Mid bead outs c. Tertiary-Late dropouts 2. Two major factors are playing the buttocks why they are targeted. First one is energetic value of they have. Other one is their rebellion thought form. Who are the school dropouts? There are common error that all over the community make when they describe the â€Å" school dropouts † . School dropouts are non merely people who are non completed their primary instruction. Non-school civil deaths, secondary instruction completed pupils and third instruction completed pupils besides count as a school dropouts. The make up one's minding factor is clip period when are they go forthing the instruction. 3. As a underdeveloped state Sri Lanka has a good record about literacy. The school registration of Sri Lanka is higher much as 97.5 per centum. It is in numerically more than 400.000 per twelvemonth. Even though state has that much higher figure of school registration, yearly 18 % pupils are raising school before finishing the ordinary degree instruction. It is in numerically around 72.000. Another side of this is more than 70 % of captives who are at the prisons are belongs to this group of school dropouts. In the twelvemonth 2009, 272,640 pupils were sat for the GCE O/L scrutiny. Out of that merely 143,000 got making for their higher instruction. However 129,640 campaigners, as a per centum 47 % campaigners were fail to measure up for the A/L. 3. Why this group is indispensable? First this is the group, most efficient and energetic labor force of the state. As briefly mentioned in debut portion, younger age is holding a natural tendency to happen new spheres. Naturally younger ‘s are really funny and rebellion minds. Always they think they must hold a respectable topographic point at the community. Child labor is another face of the school bead outs at the society. The kid labors can split for the few bomber types. Those are: a. Child domestic labor. B. Children working in risky industries. c. Children working in export industries. d. Child trafficking. e. Child bonded labour in agribusiness and certain parts of the industrial and informal sectors. f. Child harlotry. 4. United nations children's fund and the ILO was carried out a research on Sri Lanka with the aid of Department of Census & A ; Statisticss and found a really sad narrative about kid labors who were left the school before finishing their instruction. They revealed 0.926Million kids are working as a kid labor and they are between ages of 05 to 14. They found about 40,000 child cocottes in the state while 5,000 to 30,000 Sri Lankan male childs are used by Western paedophile sex tourers. About 10,000 to 12,000 kids from rural countries are trafficked and prostituted by organized offense groups, harmonizing to the statistics. These are merely reported and calculated informations and existent state of affairs may be worst than this. Training is non merely larning something. It is a sort of speculation. Through the preparation people can derive adulthood other than larning.Chapter 6Present CONDITION OF VOCATIONAL Training AND WHAT ARE THE AREAS HAVE TO IMPROVE?1. When examine the present state of affairs of vocational preparation in Sri Lanka two major parties are playing at the vocational preparation sector. The two major parties are a. Government engagement[ 4 ]. b. Non- governmental organisations. 2. Since old ages back batch of stairss has been taken to up raise the criterion of vocational preparation by the authorities every bit good as non-government sector. But major function is playing by the authorities. Followings are the institutes established by the authorities to get by up the assign undertaking. The authorities can non drive away occupation scarceness by turn toing along the occupation market at Sri Lanka. It has to anticipate the foreign market besides. With the globalisation the word is really nearer to each other. Lot of states has formulated some processs and force some criterions for the making. In Sri Lanka besides some criterions has been gazetted by the authorities. It is known as National Vocational Qualifications of Sri Lanka ( NVQSL ) . By implementing NVQSL the regulating authorization is anticipating decide the mismatch between labour market and classs carry oning at vocational preparation Centres. Further they expect easy control for the authorities an d it is differentiate from the classs. Vocational preparation has divided to 7 degrees of making. The degree starts from degree 01 to level 07. Degree 01 to level 03 awarded by a national degree certification. Level 04 and 05 awarded by a full national workmanship. Level 06 and 07 is national sheepskin and it is recognize as a direction degree. The highs degree is flat 07 it is equal to bachelor grade. 3. The Ministry of Vocational and Technical Training ( MVTT ) . This is the national government organic structure for the vocational preparation within the island. MVTT is the responsible authorization for development and execution of national policies which are related to the accomplishment development, proficient and vocational instruction and preparation ( TVET ) all over the state. The chief aims of the MVTT are to ease for the vocational preparation Centres to merchandise high quality and market oriented vocational and proficient instruction and skill development preparation. MVTT is the regulative organic structure for all facets of execution of Technical and Vocational Education and Training ( TVET ) in Sri Lanka. MVTT has outlined the cardinal policies and operational characteristics of the National Vocational Qualifications Systems in Sri Lanka ( NVQSL ) . The NVQSL provides the chance for sustainable, strategic solutions for national preparation demands and it will easy be able to accomplish international acknowledgment for makings, accomplishments and cognition of Sri Lankan workers in an increasing competitory planetary environment. To carry through this several bureaus are working under MVTT. To carry through their aims, 06 separate vocational preparation Centres are working island broad. Those are The Tertiary and Vocational Education Commission ( TVEC ) , The National Apprentice and Industrial Training Authority ( NAITA ) , The National Institute of Technical Education – Sri Lanka ( NITE_SL ) it is soon alteration to University of Technology ( UNIVOTEC ) , The Department of Technical Education and Training ( DETE ) The Vocational Training Authority ( VTA ) and The National Youth Service Council ( NYSC ) . a. The Tertiary and Vocational Education Commission ( TVEC ) . The TVES was established on 1991. When it was established, it was dedicated to the undermentioned undertakings. The primary duty was preparation of policies, planning, and quality confidence of registered vocational preparation Centres. Further it is responsible for coordination and development of third and vocational instruction Centres all over the state. The Tertiary and Vocational instruction Commission is the authorised organic structure of behavior appraisals and enrollment of vocational preparation Centres. Further every type of classs has to accreditation and certified by the TVEC. It is supervising quality of classs and criterions of registered and commissioned vocational preparation Centres. B. The National Apprentice and Industrial Training Authority ( NAITA ) . The NAITA is responsible for apprenticeship preparation island broad. Further it is responsible for followings activities to implement of NVQSL 1 ) National Competency Standards 2 ) Competence Based Assessment Resources 3 ) Validation of Curriculum 4 ) Execution of Competency Based Training ( CBT ) 5 ) Conducting competence based appraisals ( including RPL ) 6 ) Industry arrangement of trainees c. The National Institute for Technical Education – Sri Lanka ( NITE-SL ) This institute was converted to the University of Technology ( UNIVOTEC ) in March 1999 by the authorities of Sri Lanka. This institute is easing flat 07 degree plans and developing teachers who are learning at vocational preparation Centres. farther it is responsible for the undermentioned activities in order to execution of NVQSL. 1 ) Development of CBT Curricula 2 ) Staff Development 3 ) Development of Learning Resources 4 ) Implementing and Coordinating Learning Resource Development Centre ( LRDC ) d. The Department Of Technical Education and Training ( DTET ) . This is one of outstanding proficient instruction and preparation Centre in Sri Lanka. This is responsible to pull off 09 proficient instruction Centres which are offer NVQ degree 5 and 06 sheepskin. Further it is responsible for the undermentioned activities in order to execution of NVQSL. 1 ) Execution of Competency Based Training ( CBT ) 2 ) Conducting Competency Based Assessment 3 ) Execution of calling counsel and guidance activities 4 ) Execution of Self Employment Promotion Enterprises 5 ) Execution of entrepreneurship plans e. The Vocational Training Authority ( VTA ) . This is responsible to pull off vocational preparation institutes which are offer flat NVQ degree 01 to 05. To implement that, VTA is command following developing institutes. National Vocational Training Institutes, District Vocational Training Centres, Special Vocational Training Centres, and Rural Vocational Training Centres. Further it is responsible for the undermentioned activities in order to execution of NVQSL. 1 ) Execution of Competency Based Training ( CBT ) 2 ) Conducting Competency Based Assessment 3 ) Execution of calling counsel and guidance activities 4 ) Execution of Self Employment Promotion Enterprises 5 ) Execution of entrepreneurship plans f. The National Youth Service Council ( NYSC ) . This is founded to form and develop of young person and it is responsible for the undermentioned activities in order to execution of NVQSL. 1 ) Execution of Competency Based Training ( CBT ) 2 ) Conducting Competency Based AssessmentA 3 ) Execution on of calling counsel and guidance activitiesA 4 ) Execution of Self Employment Promotion InitiativesA A 5 ) Execution of entrepreneurship plans.Chapter 7 DATA ANALYZING 1. Key issues and other issues As per the primary beginnings of informations, it is revealed the status of people who already working. Some of those are Chapter 8 FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS Chapter 9 Decision

A Bridge to Wiseman essays

A Bridge to Wiseman essays "A bridge to wisemans cove" is a lively and adventurers story of a young boys journey who is seeking for an answer. Carl is a person who is trying to find self- discovery and self-worth you see this in different ways throughout this novel. His journey is tuff and at the end when you think it is over he realizes his worst nightmare. At the start of the novel we see that Carl can be shy at times and doesnt handle some situations well. But he is a very bright person but is looking for love and attention. Carl realized straight away what was happening when he overheard a conversation that his sister Sarah had with their Aunt Beryl. He knew somehow that when Sarah said that they would only be there for a few weeks that she ment till their mother came back or she was going to leave them there while she enjoys the rest of her life. Carl changes a lot as he goes on to live with Harley at their Aunt Beryls home at Wattle beach. At the start when they hear about going to wattle beach they had mixed emotions. Them being that they were looking forward to going to the beach but didnt want to live with their auntie because she is very strict. Aunt Beryl tells call in order to live with her he would need to find a job. So Carl quits school and goes in search for a job to make money to live with their auntie. Carl realizes that the working life is tough especially at his age with the last name as Matt. There also werent many businesses that needed his help. He finally got a job and grows up into a young man. Carl becomes upset after finding out the reason that Matt is such a hated name. ...

Seven Golden Secrets of Creative Writing

Seven Golden Secrets of Creative Writing In the following quote, master of horror Stephen King hits the raw nerve of creative writing, the single most important step you need to take in your journey towards literary expression – absolute commitment. Without it, you could get lost in the dark, doomed to wander through the long night of literary anonymity like a navigator without a compass or the will to go anywhere.You can approach the act of writing with nervousness, excitement, hopefulness, or even despair†¦ You can come to the act with your fists clenched and your eyes narrowed, ready to kick ass and take down names. You can come to it because you want a girl to marry you or because you want to change the world. Come to it any way but lightly. Let me say it again: you must not come lightly to the blank page.Stephen KingThe blank page represents to great writers what Everest was to Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, what the Apollo 11 moon mission was to Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. It offers an extraordinar y journey to the uncharted regions of the imagination, a formidable challenge to the literary spirit of adventure within us. The problem is that writing creatively needs hard work and great commitment, and the vision to see a conclusion. I have developed the acronym W R I T E R S, which I hope will help you along that creative and adventurous road. It embodies seven golden rules of creative writing.W – where, who, what, when, whyIf you intend writing a book, a short story or even an essay, know exactly Where you are going. If you dont, you could end up going nowhere. When you know your direction use the other four Ws (Who, What, When, Why) to get there. Sketch a rough plan, just as an artist produces rough brush strokes to begin a work of art, and write down the essential ingredients of your story: the characters (WHO), the plot (WHAT), the direction (WHERE), the period (WHEN), the reasons (WHY).R – ResearchAdventure novelist Wilbur Smith, author of dozens of internati onal bestsellers, spends six months a year researching his subject before putting pen to paper. He then spends the next six months writing the book. Because his novels are usually based on real-life sagas, he manages to blend fiction with reality, giving life, energy and plausibility to his characters. Research your storyline and characters exhaustively. Know far more about your subject than you intend to write.I – Images and imaginationOne of the greatest aids to creative writing is the ability to think in images. Before you write it, see it in pictures; and if you can use your senses to strengthen the image, all the better. African locals living near Zambias Victoria Falls call it Mosi oa Tunya – the smoke that thunders, a wonderful description evoked by the sight and sound of this wonder of the world. When youre writing about characters, visualize them, hear them, smell them – your senses will be great accessories for your descriptions.T – TenacityCrea tive writing is not easy; it requires discipline and tenacity. Tenacity means finishing the project at all costs. One quality that separates great authors and the legions of writers of unfinished manuscripts is tenacity – the ability to continue even if you think your work will not succeed. James Joyce, whose book the Dubliners was rejected by 22 publishers, went on to write the best-selling English novel of all-time (Ulysses). So even if you think youre failing, carry on. One author I know wrote several books in a cellar. He climbed down a ladder into the cellar every day, his wife pulled up the ladder, and he stayed there writing until his wife let the ladder down later that day. Ive written 11 books and millions of words and it doesnt get easier – putting the first word down is like scaling the North face of The Eiger.E – EmpathySuccessful writing is all about grabbing the readers attention. Which means your words, characters, dialogue and construction must h ave empathy. Tie them into your own experiences. This does not mean dull-and-boring, long-winded sentences about yourself. It means incisive originality, directness and raw energy your readers can identify with. Let your writing come from the heart and write it straight. If your words are going to drive you to literary success, make sure theyre firing on all cylinders – empathy. Richard Carlson wrote his best-seller Dont Sweat the Small Stuff on a 12-hour Transatlantic flight. The book sold millions of copies because it was empathetic – millions around the world identified with his message.R – RealityThe great masters of fiction, George Orwell, John Steinbeck, Lewis Carrol and, more recently, Roald Dahl and Harry Potters J. K. Rowling captured the worlds imagination with characters that will live forever. The magic of their writing lies in the reality of their characters. So try to construct your characters with care, affection and detail. Build them up by writi ng notes about them – their personal idiosyncracies, their habits, their loves. When you write, go for the jugular – give your readers characters they will love; better still, give them characters drawn from the well of common, everyday human experience.S – SimplicityGreat writers know that simplicity is the bedrock of their craft. Short, clear sentences, short paragraphs, uncomplicated, direct constructions, and prose written from the heart are all you need. The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway was a simple story about a fisherman and a fish, but it hooked millions of readers. The secret was in the simplicity of the dialogue and narration. Dont use long words to impress, and never be pompous or egotistical. Write with passion, music and simplicity – thats the real art of creative writing.

Chicomoztoc, the Mythical Place of Aztec Origins

Chicomoztoc, the Mythical Place of Aztec Origins Chicomoztoc (â€Å"The Place of the Seven Caves† or â€Å"The Cave of the Seven Niches†) is the mythological cave of emergence for the Aztec/Mexica, the Toltecs, and other groups of  Central Mexico and northern Mesoamerica. It is frequently depicted in Central Mexican codices, maps, and other written documents known as lienzos, as a subterranean hall surrounded by seven chambers. In the surviving depictions of Chicomoztoc, each chamber is labeled with a pictograph that names and illustrates a different Nahua lineage that emerged from that particular place in the cave. As with other caves illustrated in Mesoamerican art, the cave has some animal-like characteristics, such as teeth or fangs and eyes. More intricate renderings show the cave as a lion-like monster out of whose gaping mouth the original people emerge. A Shared Pan-Mesoamerican Mythology Emergence from a cave is a common thread found throughout ancient Mesoamerica and among groups living in the area today. Forms of this myth can be found as far north as the American Southwest among cultural groups such as the Ancestral Puebloan or Anasazi people. They and their modern descendants built sacred rooms in their communities known as kivas, where the entrance to the sipapu, the Puebloan place of origin, was marked in the center of the floor. One famous example of a pre-Aztec emergence place is the human-made cave under the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan. This cave differs from the Aztec account of emergence because it has only four chambers. Another constructed Chicomoztoc-like emergence shrine is found at the site of Acatzingo Viejo, in the State of Puebla, central Mexico. It more closely parallels the Aztec account due to its having seven chambers carved into the walls of a circular rock outcropping. Unfortunately, a modern road was cut directly through this feature, destroying one of the caves. Mythical Reality Many other places have been proposed as possible Chicomoztoc shrines, among which is the site of La Quemada, in Northwest Mexico. Most experts believe that Chicomoztoc was not necessarily a specific, physical place but, like Aztalan, a widespread idea among many Mesoamerican people of a mythical cave as a  place of emergence for both humans and gods, from which each group materialized and identified itself within their own sacred landscape. Updated by  K. Kris Hirst Sources Aguilar, Manuel, Miguel Medina Jaen, Tim M. Tucker, and James E. Brady, 2005, Constructing Mythic Space: The Significance of a Chicomoztoc Complex at Acatzingo Viejo. In the Maw of the Earth Monster: Mesoamerican Ritual Cave Use, edited by James E. Brady and Keith M. Prufer, 69-87. University of Texas Press, Austin Boone, Elizabeth Hill, 1991, Migration Histories As Ritual Performance. In To Change Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes, edited by David Carrasco, pp. 121-151. University of Colorado Press, Boulder Boone, Elizabeth Hill, 1997, Prominent Scenes and Pivotal Events in the Mexican Pictorial Histories. In Cà ³dices y Documentos sobre Mà ©xico: Segundo Simposio, edited by Salvador Rueda Smithers, Constanza Vega Sosa, and Rodrigo Martà ­nez Baracs, pp. 407-424. vol. I. Instituto Nacional de Antropologà ­a E Historia, Mexico, D.F. Boone, Elizabeth Hill, 2000, Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztecs and Mixtecs. University of Texas, Austin. Carrasco, David, and Scott Sessions, 2007, Cave, City, and Eagles Next: An Interpretative Journey Through the Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Durn, Fray Diego, 1994, The Histories of The Indies of New Spain. Translated by Doris Heyden. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Hers, Marie-Areti, 2002, Chicomoztoc. A Myth Reviewed, in Arqueologà ­a Mexicana, vol 10, Num.56, pp: 88-89. Heyden, Doris, 1975, An Interpretation of the Cave Underneath the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan, Mexico. American Antiquity 40:131-147. Heyden, Doris, 1981, The Eagle, The Cactus, The Rock: The Roots of Mexico-Tenochtitlans Foundation Myth and Symbol. BAR International Series No. 484. B.A.R., Oxford. Monaghan, John, 1994, The Covenants with Earth and Rain: Exchange, Sacrifice, and Revelation In Mixtec Sociality. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Taube, Karl A., 1986, The Teotihuacan Cave of Origin: The Iconography and Architecture of Emergence Mythology in Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. RES 12:51-82. Taube, Karl A., 1993, Aztec and Maya Myths. The Legendary Past. University of Texas Press, Austin. Weigland, Phil C., 2002, Creation Northern Style, in Arqueologà ­a Mexicana, vol 10, Num.56, pp: 86-87.

Explain the differences between a group and a team Assignment

Explain the differences between a group and a team - Assignment Example The formation of group is easy than a team. If an auditorium is filled with medical professionals, they could be grouped according to gender, expertise, experience, age, specialty etc. The effectiveness is a different issue. In the group total comparability is only the ideal, it rarely occurs. When points view of the group members differ, achieving consensus is a difficult task for a leader. A team is a responsive unit and formed to achieve a particular goal or group of functions. A team leader is seized of the final goal of the team, in advance. Though the process of forming a them is difficult, may involve much spadework, deliberations and consultations, once the profess is accomplished, the working is smooth. There is not much room for differences as the final objective is the same. Take for example a construction team. It may consist of an architect, an accountant, an engineer, a supervisor, a sales manager and a secretary. A collection of people and counseling them for a cause does not evolve them into a team. Teams have definite features that set them apart from group. Generally, a team consists of a small number of individuals, with complimentary skills and all of them are committed for a common purpose, they have target-oriented performance goals. They have a common approach and as such they consider themselves mutually accountable. They are a responsive and responsible unit. The membership of a team is definable, generally not more than twelve. Their functioning is mutually dependent and they can be compared to the steps of a ladder. They know the import and importance of the term â€Å"we† than the syllable â€Å"I.† The working of the team is dynamic, the performance is measured directly and the collective work products are linked to financial performance of the business. The results can be quantified, everyday, when necessary. The team meetings are held often, the problem-solving is taken up

Russian Independence in and how it relates to Edmund Burke's Theory Term Paper

Russian Independence in and how it relates to Edmund Burke's Theory - Term Paper Example (Bova, 2003, pg 9) Overview of Russian history In the period between 1970s and early 1980s, Russia was a calm nation that maintained the status quo. The president at that time, Leonid Brezhnev, was widely regarded as an incompetent leader, who kept a cabinet full of old, tired individuals who were not highly charged nor inspired. Moreover, the military kept away from political matters and there were not even the slightest sense of unrest among the population. However, this state had a negative impact on Russia’s economy at the time and she started falling behind economically as compared to other nations such as the United States, Japan Europe and China (Hough 61). The turn of events that eventually led to the revolution after the 1989 elections have the symptoms like the ones held by Edward Burke in his theory of modern revolution. This paper, therefore seeks to argue the events that led to the Russian coup de tat and to provide evidence whether they conformed or disagreed to the theory proposed by Burke. An overview of Edmund Burke’s Theory of Modern Revolution Burke started to have thoughtful insights into political matters such as the French revolution as early as 1787-8. He accurately predicted that the revolution will be a total catastrophe. He attributed it mostly to philosophies that had created a rift between divine will the general human population. Burke had two insights concerning modern revolution in France. One, he believed that the French still had the aspects of the ancient constitution and he gave an example of the ancient constitution of England. He believed that after the constitutions reforms, there was great possibility of adopting a good constitutional progress that would be peaceful. He believed that there was no need for any inhuman acts that would bring down prominent leaders that ruled the land. He never believed or advocated for the revolution way of dealing with political matters. These revolution issues lead to Burke wa nting to get more insights into it. It leads many people to know Burke as the inciter of conservativeness during the century. He argued that revolution would be the last solution in resolving the catastrophes that entangled any government. He viewed revolutions as a past gone philosophy, which easily destroyed the morality of the society, and in fact it broke the social ties the society enjoyed. Revolution, according to Burke, is a process that undermined the essence of civilization. He looked at the revolution approach as the destructor of the normal orders and positional powers. Authority was undermined by revolution also. He viewed that those who did not respect the law, and those that used violence to enforce their ideas, were the main cause of revolution, which had the basis of destruction and harmful intentions. (Burke & Clark, 2001, pg 69) Burke’s theory did not analyze what revolution was all about, but focused on the originality of the revolution, the violence and th e religious implications it caused to the society, the sudden collapse of the government, and the results all these actions lead to. Burke therefore had an outstanding opinion that was greatly respected in the nineteenth century. His support for the older reign in France was the main pointer to how he greatly opposed revolution. He

Harnessing Information Management, the Data, and Infrastructure Assignment

Harnessing Information Management, the Data, and Infrastructure - Assignment Example General Electric deals with sale and manufacture of GE’s jet engines, hospital MRI equipment, trains, and turbines. The components require utmost efficiency in their operation which require analysis of a lot of performance and service data that will be analyzed to create better gadgets and machines. Information management is, therefore, crucial to GE in that: It reduces operation cost that require constant processing of information. A good management of information will ensure that all the departments like manufacturing and sales departments get already processed information in real, and this reduces overall cost.It ensures that a lot of information is gotten from the same data source.It will reduce conflicting information requirements for either the management, production of the marketing departments since they might require the same data in their daily processes. Information management also ensures data security due the access controls and authorization levels created. Access controls can be implemented by giving particular people only write or read capabilities to the database with database administrators being given all the privileges. Information management will ensure that there are flexibility and responsiveness of information. It is required that all GE departments and branches all over the world have instant access to information in their databases. Instant access of information is achieved through effective management of data and processed information. New Information Technologies come up to replace existing ones with the hope of improving performance. GE Electric is a big swing company that has invested in new IT architectures to improve its performance. GE has invested heavily in technologies like cloud deployment and implementation of digital sensors in their devices (General Electric, 2015). Cloud has enabled a lot of data or processed

McDonald's North America Marketing Plan Research Paper

McDonald's North America Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example The company currently has a global presence in 118 countries. Mission McDonald’s mission statement is to be their customer’s favorite place to eat (Aboutmcdonalds, 2011). The mission of the company is achieved by offering a wide variety of products at low prices that provide value to the customers. The firm is also able to achieve its mission by offering its customers a McDonald’s location near their homes. McDonald’s is the industry leader in both sales and number of outlets with 2010 sales of $24 billion and over 33,000 stores worldwide (Annual Report: McDonalds, 2010). The employees of the company are well trained to provide its customers with an excellent level of service that will keep them coming back for more. Marketing Objectives The marketing objectives of the company are to continue growing the brand of the company, to satisfy the needs of its customers, and to maintain its leadership in the fast food industry. McDonald’s invests millions of dollars each year to ensure its marketing objectives are met. The annual advertising budget of McDonald’s is approximately $2 billion (Chicagobreakingbusiness, 2010). No other company in the fast food industry spends as much on advertising as McDonald’s does. ... An organic growth model can be defined as expansion of a firm’s operations from its own internally generated resources, without resorting to borrowing or acquisitions of other firms (Businessdictionary, 2011). The firm operating results have been outstanding with the company achieving sales growth for eight consecutive years. The appreciation of the company’s common stock is evidence that the company has increased the wealth of its shareholders. Appendix A shows the price movement of McDonald’s common stock during the past five years. McDonald’s common stock is traded in the NYSE under the symbol MCD. The price of the MCD common stock as of September 23, 2011 was $87.37 (Nyse, 2011). During the last five years the price of McDonald’s common stock has more than doubled. Another financial goal of the company is to increase its sales internationally. The aggressive expansion plan the company implemented decades ago has helped the company achieve that g oal. Target Markets McDonald’s has a large target market. The firm has a product that can be consumed by people of all ages. The company over its long history has realized that the best way to build its customer base is by targeting young people including children. McDonald’s is the most effective company in the fast food industry at adverting for children. The Ronald McDonald character is beloved by American children. The company has done a great job at using this character in its children advertising campaigns. Customers that have a need to eat outside on a daily basis are the main target of the company. Everyone that has a full time job and eats outside at lunchtime on weekdays is a prime target of the company.

Management One Protective Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Management One Protective Security - Essay Example In this particular Iraqi private security company, the structure that guides leadership and follower hierarchies include positions of Country Manager, Regional Manager, Operations Manager, Team Leader, 2ic Deputy, driver support staff and a translation expert. Reis & Pena (2007) identify that vertical hierarchies are ill-prepared for empowering workers and will not be ready to accept change. Therefore, to improve performance, it is first necessary to examine the structure that guides interoffice activities and also those impacting client relationships to determine which type of structure is most effective in gaining support from the team members and also at the individual level. Communication, in this type of industry, requires a 360 degree movement, therefore establishing a structure where information moves across the entire employee and manager network instead of merely being elicited from the highest layers of leadership. Delegating is not a difficult managerial task for fostering more support for a project initiative or the basic routine of ensuring quality customer relationship management. Reinstein (2007) identifies that there are three types of individuals that will either support or resist change practices. There is a small support group at 25 percent, undecided varieties that sit on the proverbial fence on issues at 50 percent, and another at 25 percent who are adamantly against change efforts. The key is to first understand the cultural dimensions that drive each member of the team and understand their personality type. In some cases, this can be accomplished through consultation with generic human resources staff to locate or distribute a personality profile testing using reputable models for this research effort. Further showing the inter-linkage between motivation and knowledge, support for more team-based efforts can be accomplished by creating an interpersonal relationship with team members to build support for future efforts involving client rel ationships. Delegating in the face of change resisting personalities requires an authoritarian approach whilst delegating with undecideds or supporters is merely creating a team-focused environment with a quality blend of social and authoritarian skills. â€Å"The first phase of development in teams is membership† (Bushe & Coetzer, 2007, p.187). Delegation occurs effectively when members are already committed to achieving a project or client-related goal. 2. Teams Having already identified the structure of this particular team, there are three specific features that create the need for a progressive and transformational manager to gain support and commitment: 1. It is exposed to conflicting and radically unique cultures with each client interaction. 2. Job roles change significantly with each client scenario, thus it requires flexibility from group members. 3. Management and subordinates are empowered to innovate and work independently from the group. A key player in this gro up is the translator who functions as a logical and cultural bridge to clients of all varieties. This individual is relied upon by each member of the team as a liaison for client needs and there runs the risk of much being lost in translation both verbally and in terms of expressive body language. â€Å"The study of business is afflicted by confusion between the results of a survey of what

Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 17

Environment - Essay Example From this study, it was found out that biosciences are a sector that employs more than 425,316 people. This is so good because the income generated by these people can be useful in helping the economy in many ways. Apart from improving their purchasing power, they contribute taxes to the government. The other contribution of biodiversity is that it provides useful resources that are used in the economy. For example, plants act as chief sources of medicine used in the treatment of illnesses. A healthy population is pillar to economic growth. Through medical research, life can be made so better because solution can be sought for all the illnesses facing the people of Indiana. Ecological system and biodiversity help in promoting the well being of the Indianans in that it can help in sustainable economic growth and the conservation of available resources for the sake of future generations. This is necessary for economic growth and stability of the state. Once the ecosystem can be sustained and sparingly utilized, no resources can be depleted as they will always be available in the

Management One Protective Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Management One Protective Security - Essay Example In this particular Iraqi private security company, the structure that guides leadership and follower hierarchies include positions of Country Manager, Regional Manager, Operations Manager, Team Leader, 2ic Deputy, driver support staff and a translation expert. Reis & Pena (2007) identify that vertical hierarchies are ill-prepared for empowering workers and will not be ready to accept change. Therefore, to improve performance, it is first necessary to examine the structure that guides interoffice activities and also those impacting client relationships to determine which type of structure is most effective in gaining support from the team members and also at the individual level. Communication, in this type of industry, requires a 360 degree movement, therefore establishing a structure where information moves across the entire employee and manager network instead of merely being elicited from the highest layers of leadership. Delegating is not a difficult managerial task for fostering more support for a project initiative or the basic routine of ensuring quality customer relationship management. Reinstein (2007) identifies that there are three types of individuals that will either support or resist change practices. There is a small support group at 25 percent, undecided varieties that sit on the proverbial fence on issues at 50 percent, and another at 25 percent who are adamantly against change efforts. The key is to first understand the cultural dimensions that drive each member of the team and understand their personality type. In some cases, this can be accomplished through consultation with generic human resources staff to locate or distribute a personality profile testing using reputable models for this research effort. Further showing the inter-linkage between motivation and knowledge, support for more team-based efforts can be accomplished by creating an interpersonal relationship with team members to build support for future efforts involving client rel ationships. Delegating in the face of change resisting personalities requires an authoritarian approach whilst delegating with undecideds or supporters is merely creating a team-focused environment with a quality blend of social and authoritarian skills. â€Å"The first phase of development in teams is membership† (Bushe & Coetzer, 2007, p.187). Delegation occurs effectively when members are already committed to achieving a project or client-related goal. 2. Teams Having already identified the structure of this particular team, there are three specific features that create the need for a progressive and transformational manager to gain support and commitment: 1. It is exposed to conflicting and radically unique cultures with each client interaction. 2. Job roles change significantly with each client scenario, thus it requires flexibility from group members. 3. Management and subordinates are empowered to innovate and work independently from the group. A key player in this gro up is the translator who functions as a logical and cultural bridge to clients of all varieties. This individual is relied upon by each member of the team as a liaison for client needs and there runs the risk of much being lost in translation both verbally and in terms of expressive body language. â€Å"The study of business is afflicted by confusion between the results of a survey of what

The Article Jihadi John and London's Culture of Gang Violence Assignment

The Article Jihadi John and London's Culture of Gang Violence - Assignment Example As the essay states many young Muslims living in London had joined ISIS. For example, Mohammed Emwazi alias Jihadi John has joined the ISIS where he is now an IS executioner. Mohammed Emwazi grew up in a fractured environment with high population, immense poverty, and high levels of crime like shootings, drug wars, and gang violence. According to the report finidngs Emwazi’s parents were middle class citizens and hence poverty may not have motivated the young British Muslim join radical Islamists groups. Emwazi was a member of the â€Å"London Boys† a criminal gang that operated in north-west London with an ultimate goal of financing radical Islamists groups. In the recent past, radical Islamists groups have been interacting with organized criminal gangs like the London Boys. Just like some other young Muslims in London, Emwazi joined the London Boys to escape from the alienation experienced in London. Even the police mistreated and suspected young Muslims of crime leading to the increasing Muslim prison in London where 27 % of all prisoners are Muslims. Radical preachers and their rallies helped Emwazi to understand his Islamic identity. Radical Islamists groups create a sense of brotherhood and unites Muslims thus attracting many young Muslims like Emwazi. The article notes that radical Islamist group like ISIS helped Emwazi and his peers to overcome tribal differences, escape uncertainty, and value their lives.

Purpose of Art Essay Example for Free

Purpose of Art Essay The quote â€Å"Anyone who says you can’t see a thought simply doesn’t know art† by Wynetka Ann Reynolds. Reynolds is saying in this quote that you need some thinking or imaginations to see or do art. I think, If someone can’t see and figure that out, how can he draw or write music ? . In this quote Reynolds is saying that the purpose of art is thinking, like an imagination, imagination is the true inspiration of art. Without imagination we can’t have art. Also without imagination other items like philosophy itself cannot exist. The Art needs imagination or thinking. Art Should need imagination, for example, young children draws something unexpected, interesting even surprising for old peoples point of view, because they have lot of imaginations. Like they draws about speaking birds, talking dogs, those imaginations will give them more inspiration which eventually led them to be creative. A photographer must imagine what the end result will look like before snap the picture. Writer must imagine what his reader will see or comprehend when they have finished reading the article. Musician, whether creating a musical piece or plying an existing piece, must imagine what the music looks and sound like, and what those who hear it will hear, see and feel. Any form of art MUST involve imagination. Imagination is used in all aspects of life. Every inventor, artist, doctor, architect, â€Å"all people† use imagination. You have to be a creative thinker to produce anything. Which did not exist before It takes vision, imagination and intelligence to implement a new concept. The Artists should use imagination to talk or express their thought. Without imagination art itself cannot exist, it just will be one of copying thing without creativity.

Humorous Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride -- Wedding Toasts

Humorous Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride Well, good afternoon everyone, for those of you that don?t know me my name is Lee and I?m Janie?s dad, and in keeping with tradition, it is my honor and privilege to deliver the ?Father of the Bride Speech?. Having to make this speech is one of the few opportunities in a married man?s life when he is allowed to do all of the talking...and I intend to make the most of it. Now, giving a speech can be a little stressful so I will put into practice what I preach, that is...always remember the ABC to the XYZ of public speaking. ABC..Always Be Confident, ?XYZ..Xamine Your Zipper. (check zipper). It won?t be a long speech on account of my throat?.no, it?s not sore, it?s just that Janet threatened to cut it if I go on too long! So I?ll start...Distinguished guests, those of dubious distinction and those of absolutely no distinction whatsoever, family, relatives, friends, relatives of friends, friends of friends, hotel staff, freeloaders and hangers-on, on behalf of Janet and myself, I extend a warm welcome to Janie and Martin?s wedding celebration reception. You know, delivering the ?Father of the Bride? speech feels a bit like a sheikh walking into his harem for the first time...you know what to do, but you don?t know where to start. I will start however by taking this opportunity to thank especially Janet for not only being chief worrier and organise... ... we marry. It is very obvious that they have found in one another a perfect match; their happiness shines like a beacon. Janie and Martin, there is no challenge in a marriage that cannot be overcome by the following three, three word sentences: I was wrong. You were right. I love you. So, approaching the toast, ladies and gentlemen, please stand and make sure your glasses are fully charged?mine is being charged to Barclaycard? Janie and Martin? Here?s to the past for all that it taught you Here?s to the present for all that you share And here?s to the future for all that you can look forward together Ladies & gentlemen please raise your glasses. The toast is?Janie & Martin, Bride and Groom

Buffalo Soldiers in the West Essay -- essays papers

Buffalo Soldiers in the West Throughout American history, African Americans haven’t had too much say in whether or not they belonged in the United States or not. Slavery without a doubt had a great impact upon their decisions. However, despite their troubles, African Americans have paid their dues and have made an impact on our armed forces since the Revolutionary War. African Americans have fought to preserve the rights for Americans, as well as having to fight the war within their very own country to gain the right to fight for their country and their individual freedom. Approximately sixteen months after the end of the Civil War, an Act of Congress entitled the Buffalo Soldiers â€Å"An Act to increase and fix the Military Peace Establishment of the United States†. Which authorized the formation of tow regiments of cavalry to be composed of colored men. This act was approved on July 28th, 1866. On September 21st, 1866, the 9th cavalry regiment was activated in Greenville, LA, along with the 10th cavalry regiment, which was activated at Fort Leavenworth, KS. Even though the African American soldiers clearly distinguished themselves as soldiers, they were by no means wanted in the army. Shortly after General Washington took command of the Army, the white colonists decided that not only should no black slaves or freemen be enlisted, but that those already serving in the Army should be dismissed. The colonists didn’t enjoy the black soldiers in the army because they felt that blacks weren’t smart enough and as well trained to handle themselves in battle. In turn, would only be taking up space and food for the other soldiers who they felt were more equipped to fight with the army in major battles. The colonists would probably have kept Blacks out of the military during the war if it were not for the proclamation by the Lord of Dunmore. His statement was, "I do hereby... declare all... Negroes... free, that are able and willing to bear arms, they joining his Majesty's troops, as soon as may be, for the more speedily reducing this colony to a proper dignity." This meant that any black soldiers willing to fight for the British would be declared legally free. Therefore, the Americans couldn't afford to deny Black Americans, free or not, from joining the army. Less than a month after Lord Dunmore’s proclamation, General George Washington officially revers... ...the Union army. Unfortunately, Abraham Lincoln was more concerned with political relations than the treatment of African American slaves. The federal government and the Union army only began to adopt a policy of allowing and even encouraging the recruitment of Blacks. Then, it became clear that the war would be a long and drawn out conflict in which it was necessary to mobilize all the resources possible and to weaken the enemy as much as possible. Even then Black troops weren't really used. In July of 1862, Congress authorized the use of black soldiers in the Civil War, but there was no follow-up of that order until January 1, 1863 when Abraham Lincoln put the Emancipation Proclamation into effect. It was never known for sure why the black soldiers were thought as Buffalo Soldiers, but some say that the Indians saw a resemblance between the black man’s hair and the mane of a buffalo. Others thought that when a buffalo was wounded or cornered, it fought ferociously displaying unusual stamina and courage. The Indians felt their fighting spirit in was equivalent to the buffalo, which to them is an animal held in high regard. Bibliography: www.yahoo.com www.google.com

Endicott College Essay

Even before the end of the academic year, high school students are excited to choose universities and campuses where they want to continue their tertiary education. There are many reputable colleges and universities out there, but among those which stand out is the Endicott College. Background/History In 1939, just before World War II and towards the end of the Depression, a couple considered starting a college that would cater to educate women so that they could have access to greater independence and would be given the chance for an enhanced position in the workforce. Although this idea was considered radical during the time, the husband-and-wife team of Dr. Elanor Tupper and Dr. George O. Bierkoe made their vision a reality (Endicott College, 2009). The Commonwealth of Massachusetts handed the first charter to the College in 1939. Five years later, the Commonwealth approved the granting of degrees in Associate in Arts and Associate of Science. And in 1952, the New England Association of Schools and Colleges recognized Endicott (Endicott College, 2009). The first batch of students at Endicott College was consisted of only 20 students, who graduated in 1941. In the present, Endicott College accommodates more than 1,700 undergraduate students, 100 students in Mexico and Madrid, and 600 other students in the School of Graduate and Professional Studies. This only shows how the number of students at Endicott has grown over the years. In addition, Endicott has also made changes in the curriculum for its students to better suit the need of the students. The curriculum now includes developments in world trade and technology (Endicott College, 2009). As such, Endicott now offers a range of choices for the students. These are Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, and Bachelor of Fine arts degrees. In 1996, Endicott added Master in Education. Moreover, the college now offers Elementary Education, Montessori Education, Arts and Learning, Reading and Literacy, Special Needs, Integrative Education, Training and Organizational Management in Hospitality, and Organizational Management. In 2001, Master of Business Administration was added into the curriculum. Endicott makes sure that it offers its students a wide range of choices that can provide them with a degree and experience that can help them in making future decisions. The enriching programs at Endicott have attracted students and adult learners (Endicott College, 2009). Aside from the growing number of students and the number of degrees offered, the Endicott campus has also grown to accommodate students and new buildings. The 200-acre campus in Massachusetts include classrooms and living quarters, athletic facilities, activity centers, conference centers, and state of the art technology (Endicott College, 2009). Endicott desires to â€Å"instill in students an understanding of and appreciation for professional and liberal studies. † In line with this, the College wants students to recognize the importance of â€Å"learning by doing†; this serves as Endicott’s hallmark and philosophy. Its students are known for integrating theory and practice in studies. Also, the College is known for the practice of connecting experience from within classrooms and off campus through internships. Furthermore, Endicott envisions its students to become appreciative of the College’s cultural diversity, community service, ethical and moral values, and international awareness. Endicott also exerts efforts to maintain the positive changes that students exhibit from studying in the College. These are self-confidence, lives that are open to change, technological competencies and stronger professional skills (Endicott College, 2009). Cost Students at Endicott are categorized as full-time or part-time. Full-time students are those enrolled for twelve hours or more of credit every semester. Part-time status applies to students who are enrolled for eleven hours of credit. Only full-time students pay $500 as continuation deposit by the 1st of May. Other costs include; $50 for the processing of a student’s application; $760 for student health insurance annually, which is mandatory; $200 for graduation fee, which includes the preparation of diploma, yearbook, cap and gown, etc. For each year, the students pay $18,752 for tuition for new students while returning students pay $17,748. Housing may range from $6,520 to $1,500 annually. Endicott also offers board plan options consisting of premium, standard, partial, and minimum meal plans ranging from $2,936 to $1,630. Tuition bills are to be paid as instructed so that students can take examinations and attend classes. Other bills can be paid before graduation. Aside from these fees, there are also other fees such as $50 late fee, $150 for general curricular, and $190 technology fee which are paid every semester. Other charges include parking, campus learning program, laptop program fee, and nursing clinical fee (Endicott College, 2004). In 2005, the College spearheaded a campaign wishing to increase endowment so that Endicott can provide more scholarships, faculty development and student aids. The approximate endowment reached up to $14 million (Endicott College, 2005). To equate theory with practice, the College offers programs and activities for its students. The Campus Activities Board (CAB) functions to provide students with cultural, social and educational programming. Students are offered with many opportunities to join concerts, dances, talent nights, lectures, bus trips, movie programs, and cultural events. The College has also many facilities for students, including the 20 residential facilities for 88 percent of students living on campus (Endicott College, 2004). There is also the Richard and Helen Post Center Sports Facility that has labs, offices, training rooms, weight and aerobic rooms, locker rooms, a gymnasium and a field house (Endicott College, 2009). Other facilities at Endicott include meeting rooms, three beaches, theater, and auditoriums. The number of meeting and event rooms available is 40. Endicott’s Callahan Center houses health services, a copy center, dining facilities, bookstore, snack bar, Solarium, and mail services (Endicott College, 2004). References Endicott College. (2004). Discover Experience.Retrieved February 18, 2009, from http://www. endicott. edu/servlet/com. rnci. products. DataModules. RetrieveAttachment/catalog0405/? server=endicottpub&dbname=endicott&site=endicott&sction=attachmentsacademics&article=1&filename=catalog0405. pdf Endicott College. (2005). The campaign for Endicott College: Meeting the challenge. Retrieved February 18, 2009, from http://www. endicott. edu/servlet/RetrievePage? site=endicott&page=InstAdvAnnouncements Endicott College. (2009). Admission. Retrieved February 18, 2009, from http://www. endicott. edu/servlet/RetrievePage? site=endicott&page=AdmissHistory

How important was propaganda to Nazi control over Germany in the years 1934-39? Essay

Hitler gained power of Germany in 1934 he did this by many means one way was propaganda this is when someone makes a mass of people believe in the same thing. Hitler got into peoples heads so that when it came to voting they would always remember him and vote for him to come to power. There are many reasons for propaganda such as to persuade people to buy things and to go to places and obviously it is used in government to help them gain power of their country it is also used to get people to join up to the armed forces to help win wars. Hitler knew the importance of good propaganda and made Joseph Goebbels head of the propaganda ministry. This ministry was in charge of making the country believe what the Nazis wanted them to believe, this included making posters, taking over news papers and only letting them print anything pro-Nazi or anti-communist and they were also in charge of planning mass rallies so that Hitler could brainwash the people into loving him and following him personally which had a bigger impact. J. Goebbels was very important to Nazi Germany he was the head of propaganda, the main reason for the Nazi take over he controlled everything from rallies to censorship and he made up all the stories, lies and promises that the people believed and hoped would happen if they voted for Hitler. Use of the media was a popular choice of propaganda for the Nazis. They took control of the press, the radio and cinemas telling them what they could and could not say anything that was anti-Nazi or any thing that was good about Jews or communists was censored. Education was changed dramatically it was anti Jew because Hitler wanted all young people to grow up hating Jews. The main function was to create Nazis p.e was the main lesson, to make them fit for war when they were older. History was basically rewritten so that any thing bad about Germany was deleted, all wars that Germany entered they won and so on. All radio stations were brought under nazi control making it so that it allowed them to broadcast nazi ideas across the nation. The nazi mass produced radions and made them so cheap to buy that 7 out of 10 homes had one by 1939. they then made it law that when ever an importat program was on all public places had to put ther radios on. In 1038 loud speakers were put on lampposts so that were ever you was you could always hear the Nazis. Goebbels used rallies to round millions of people into an ecstasy of belief of the power of Hitler and the Nazi party and to increase loyalty to the party. Each year a mass rally at Nuremburg brought together hundreds of thousand of people for parades and displays in huge arenas. They used slogans so that people remembered the Nazis so that it could be seen by a mass of people like the rallies. They created single pot Sundays which people were expected to take part in this is were every Sunday when family’s made Sunday lunch they were to make it in one pot and give the money saved to collectors that came in the afternoon. They twisted the truth and told huge lies to fit what they wanted the people to know e.g. the Reichstag fire story. They had no proof it was Van Der Lubbe who set fire to it other than he was in the building at the time, but because he was a communist he was blamed and Hitler made a story up of him setting the fire. Censorship was also used. They took over newspapers and radios, burnt books and films and only allowed the public 2 read watch or listen to anything that celebrated Nazis, German history and/or put the Jews, communists, gypsies, disabled people or anyone against the Nazis, down. The Nazi Germans targeted lots of different types of people with propaganda from single women to young people he promised a there would be a Aryan man for every woman so that they could produce the perfect race he made camps for kid the boys went to Hitler youth and the girls went to the league of German maidens. The boys were basically taught how to be soldiers and to live life at war and the girls were taught how to be family carers and housewives. They were used in parades and marched around streets of Germany. They were trained how to use guns and to hate Jews. I t became law that all young people old enough had to join in 1939.hitler youth and the league of German maidens was considered to be more important than school. They targeted the Jews with there propaganda also, by telling non-Jews to hate them and making Jews outcasts. They drew posters and cartoons of them and making them look like ugly beasts and telling everyone it was there fault they lost the 1st world war and that they were to rich and did nothing to earn it. There were many new laws passed in Germany for example the law against malicious gossip. This stopped people talking badly of Hitler and the Nazi party. People became careful of what they talked about and became scared that they were being listened to and kept their thoughts quiet. There was the law that made all Jews register there religion an wear the Star of David so that people recognised them in the street and when it came to the holocaust it became very hard for them to hide because the Nazis already knew were they lived and worked. The Nazis also used terror to help them gain control by putting fear into people. They had public hangings of people who stood up to Nazis and said anything against them. He got rid off the freedoms of speech, privacy and the right to be in groups. The Nazis had the power to listen to people’s phone calls invade peoples houses without a warrant and read peoples mail if they wanted to. Hitler also created the SA also known as the brown shirts. These were called in if the ordinary police weren’t getting anywhere or if the Nazis wanted people killed or beaten up. The fear of the SA pressured people Germans who did not support the Nazis into silence. The SS was Hitler’s own bodyguard service and army. It was controlled by Heinrich Himmler. They controlled concentration and death camps. The SS carried out the enslavement, torture and killing of about twelve million people. Most victims were Jews but a large number of victims included racial groups such as the Soviets and Gypsies. They were basically in charge of the racial purism battle. Concentration camps were places were the holocaust began to take place. Horrible conditions little food and over working were the main reason for deaths of millions of prisoners. Forced to work all day in filthy conditions with bred and water to keep them going made them so weak that most just died or gave up and stood up to a guard so that they got shot because they did not want to live anymore. Gleichschaltung was Hitler’s way of taking total control of everything and no one standing up to him he took over all states in Germany and made them all Nazi he took over all trade unions and at the head of all of them was a Nazi, so no were you could go would be able to help you if you had a problem with the Nazis laws and concepts Hitler believed it the one leader concept and once he came to power made Germany a totalitarian state, he took out all opponents and made himself leader of the country he had total control over every state in Germany all laws applied to everywhere and no one could appose him. Hitler occupied others parties offices stopping them from meeting so that they couldn’t some up with plans and took funds from them so they couldn’t afford anything leaving them defenseless against Hitler as they had no way of doing anything, it made them weak. Hitler wanted to tackle mass un-employment he hated the fact that Germany was so poor. He wanted to get Germany out of world recession, he promised to solve unemployment, make Germany self-sufficient so that they didn’t have to go to other countries for help, and get rid of all Jew industries and give them to his master race (Aryans). He then used Germany’s new money to rebuild his armies and rearm Germany ready for war. I think that propaganda was not the reason that Hitler was able to keep control because even though it was always around pressuring people to doing as Hitler said I think that terror played a bigger part in it as without the fear of the SS or SA knocking on your door at night people would of stood up to Hitler and there would have been so many people doing it that it would have been harder for Hitler to keep control and I also think there would have been more assassination attempts on him because they wouldn’t of been scared of getting killed or taken to a concentration camps. Hitler would have found it difficult without scaring people but I think that propaganda did help a bit because it kept people on his side for a bit before he could really get the terror going.

Expressing Teen Identity by Using Slang: Attitudes and Opinions Towards the Slang of Teenagers

Expressing teen identity by using slang:attitudes and opinions towards the slang of teenagers Introduction One of the most significant elements which people notice while meeting with someone is the person’s language. As Trudge (2000:2) points out, the manner in which we use our language has a great importance while â€Å"establishing social relationship and while conveying information about the speaker†. Ethnic background, gender, education, social class, age and many other aspects may influence the way we talk.And the way we talk may influence other people’s perception about us. Language in the society also differs in the formality levels. When talking about any specific kind of a language we use the term language variety. The variety of the language which is used in a particular situation is called style. Styles are mainly characterized by the vocabulary differences, but also by syntactic ones. Styles range on the scale from very formal to extremely informal. V ocabulary which is at the extremely informal end of the continuum is known as slang. 1] Some people might think that slang is only a young people issue. However the truth is that all of us use some kind of slang, and this usage is influenced by many factors. It is obvious that slang creates barriers between people or groups of people. So if you do not want someone, who is not a member of your group, understand what are you saying, you may use a particular slang, which is inherent only for your group. Using slang may also be part of a person’s identity.Therefore the main task handled in this paper is to examine the use of slang among teenagers and the sources they are influenced by. This essay presents a view on teenage slang as a means of expressing their identity. It also includes society perspective and opinions on the adolescent use of slang. The teenage language was for a long period under-represented in language corpora. In order to repair this, a very comprehensive teen age language corpus, the Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language (COLT, 2002), was created.This large material is focusing on the spoken language of teenagers between 13 to 17 years in London. It consists of five hundred thousand words and it is a part of the British National Corpus. [2] As a basis for my arguments I will be mainly using corpus compilation, analysis and findings named Trends in Teenage Talk published in 2002 by Anna-Brita Stenstrom, Gisle Andersen and Ingrid Kristine Hasund, because as it consider the teenage slang language, it is the most relevant corpus for this essay. Slang and teenage languageIt is hard to give a definition of slang, because there is a difficulty of distinguishing it from jargon (special vocabulary used by particular profession), colloquialisms (special use of vocabulary according to geographical region), usage of vague terms (statements with unclear message) or neologism (new coinages or senses of words or phrases). Definitions do, however, ex ist, and the online Oxford English dictionary (2012) classifies slang into the three types: The first type consider slang as the special vocabulary used by any set of persons of a low or disreputable character; language of a low and vulgar type.Another definition is that it is the special vocabulary or phraseology of a particular calling or profession; the cant or jargon of a certain class or period. And finally the last one says that it is the language of a highly colloquial type, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current words employed in some special sense. Slang is natural part of each language. It is the non-standard vocabulary usually connected with particular group of people. When discussing slang, we should consider its history and development.Slang has its origin in the middle of the 18th century. In that time slang was seen as a low level language, since it was used primarily by criminals, revelers and drunk en people in pubs. Later on slang became regarded as a specific vocabulary of certain professions, like printers, poets and even lawyers or doctors. During the beginning of the nineteen century slang begins to be seen as a highly colloquial part of almost any language. [3] Moreover as the online Oxford English dictionary demonstrates, the word slang appeared in the connection with the language of youngsters for the very first time in 1818, when Sir J. T.Coleridge was recorded to have stated the following: †Two of the best [students] come to me as a peculiar grinder (I must have a little slang)†. [4] This connection appeared as well in William Makepeace Thackeray’s novel Vanity Fair: â€Å"He was too old to listen to the banter of the assistant-surgeon and the slang of the youngsters. †[5] This fact proves that the importance of the adolescent talk has been seen as an important variety of language for a relatively long period. As well as human language also slang is continuously changing its form and vocabulary and not all of the expressions have to disappear as its generation grew up.On the one hand there are new slang words springing up and on the other hand old ones are dying. This means that the slang expressions used by teenagers may sometimes overlap the barriers of a particular group and become more widely used. Some of the slang expressions may absorb into the English language and become part of Standard English. Types of slang As I stated previously it is hard to distinguish slang from other types of informal language. Linguists therefore tend to use different terms when describing types of slang.Slang is generally divided into general slang and specific slang. While general slang is used among all people without the need to be a member of an exact group, mainly to avoid conventions; specific slang is used with a purpose to show that a person belongs to a specific group and has a loyalty with other members of this group. It se ems obvious that teenager's slang belongs to the specific one. In the Norwegian study Trends in teenage talk Stenstrom, Andersen and Hasund (2002: 65) stated that adolescent talk do not include only general slang, but also vague (E. . â€Å"stuff like that†, â€Å"lots of†), vogue (words which already exists in the language, but become fashionable for a short period of time[6]), proxy (the usage of a verb â€Å"go† or â€Å"be like† instead of the quotation), small words (E. g. â€Å"you know†, â€Å"sort of†, â€Å"yeah†, â€Å"like†), taboo and swear words; which he described with a term â€Å"slanguage†. In the next section I will look at these features of â€Å"slanguage†. Teenage talk Before we start to talk about teenage language in depth, we must define the word teenager. The word teenager firstly appeared in 1941.Earlier on expressions like puber, adolescent, teen, farrow or teener were used to refer to a young person between the ages of 13 and 19. [7] The teenage years might be viewed by some as the most difficult period in a person’s life. It is typical that society views them as rebellious, sloppy, messy and imprecise. And this view is also reflected on their language. The rebellion might be seen in a use of slang words and new expressions in order to shock, the imprecision in the lack of grammar, sloppiness in amount of fillers like â€Å"like† or â€Å"um† and messiness in their handwriting.They are to some extent expected to act like adults, however, they might still be treated as children. Sometimes even parents may not understand their children language, so that their attitude towards their slang use might be negative. However, the present generation of teenagers is not the first to have these kinds of informal expressions. Each generation uses a language composed of informal words and phrases or a special own way of using a standard vocabulary. Everyone use different kind of language in different situations, so that adolescents will not use the same language while speaking with their parents as they do with their friends.The only reason of using this slang in front of their parents might be to keep them out of the loop. And this generally happens while they are talking about sex, drug or ethnic issues. Although many of these slang expressions are harmless and teenagers are using them just to be on the same boat as they peers, parents should be aware of this slang, so they can avoid some unpleasant situation. Teenage age is the part of life when most people do not yet know what to do with their life.That is one of the reasons why many teenagers are trying to find their place and identity by joining some social groups, which they can feel connected with. They usually feel a need to become members of some subcultures that relate to their own attitudes and interests. Some subcultures have their own private language code, which helps it s members to support their values, attitudes and uniqueness even more; in other words slang language. As already mentioned, apart from general slang, teenagers also use other characteristic linguistic features known as â€Å"slanguage†.One part of the teenage slanguage is vogue expressions. Vogue words are already existing words like â€Å"massive†, â€Å"paranoid† or â€Å"reckon†, which have become trendy in teenage talk, but they tend to lose their popularity in a short time. It might also be words like â€Å"wicked† or â€Å"sad† used in a different new way: a) Sad drinking habits = secret drinking in a boarding school[8], and b) A wicked pair of ragamuffin trousers, wicked rap, wicked music[9]. As Stenstrom, Andersen and Hasund (2002: 86-89) states another fashionable feature in teenage language is the usage of vague words.Some classic examples of vague words are: lots of, stuff like that, kind of, for ages, and so on, and whatever. Vag ue words are used instead of the adequate words in talk. The reason for using them is to take up the talk to a more colloquial level and fill the gaps in a sentence. These words occur in adults talk as well. The example of vagueness we can see in this conversation: Tommy: and they like wanna see like how we talk and all that. [You know] Regina: [Yeah] Tommy: rastafarian style and all[10] According to Chanell (1994: 197) vague words do not have a function of fillers without meaning.They are used for purpose to contribute the communicative message. Vague words are discussed with two interesting features in COLT (2012: 105;106): a) The research showed that usage of vague words is more frequent among adults than teenagers. However this finding might be quite inaccurate, because adults in COLT conversations mainly appear in the position of teachers and they might adopt the language means of their students to get more closed to them; and b) COLT study find that it is not possible to assoc iate the use of vague words with a specific gender or social background.Another trend in present teenage language is the usage of proxy phrases. It is the way of using verbs such as â€Å"go†, â€Å"say†, â€Å"be like† to substitute verbs of quotation. By using these verbs they can report to some situation or conversation and meaning can be also influenced by the tone or mimicry. In the corpus I have found following exmples: a) It was like sort of, she just went (banging noise), and just fell over and I just†¦ [11], and b) Well what I tried last weekend, not quite crying but I did a sort of moody sort of thing, I di= I was really quiet and I just gnored everyone and I was like really like, you know, didn't say a word. [12] According to Stenstrom, Andersen and Hasund (2002: 165) other typical feature of teenage talk are small words, which can be divided into hedges, empathizers and tags. The usage of invariant tags namely â€Å"yeah†, â€Å"eh†, â€Å"okay†, â€Å"right†, and â€Å"innit† is one of the most frequent feature in teenage slang. Empathizers are used to evoke sympathy between speaker and listener. An example of this is â€Å"you know†. By hedges are considered expressions like â€Å"just like† or â€Å"sort of†. Their purpose is to make speech sounds more or less unclear or fuzzier.Another feature of slanguage is a vocabulary which is considered as forbidden because of its offensive character known as taboo words. Taboo words are usually connected with sex, death, excretion or the human body. Slang taboos are used to replace the regular synonyms. Examples of these might be â€Å"take the piss out of† (make fun of), â€Å"screw up† (ruin), â€Å"to be pissed† (to be drunk). Teenage age is generally seen as an age of rebellion. Adolescents want to shock not only with their style of music, clothing, entertainment, but also with the talk style.That is the reason why they have favored the use of taboos. Just like taboos swear words are also considered as a part of forbidden language, which should not be spoken out loud. Although what sets them apart from taboos, might be their acceptance. If person use a swear word in some relevant situation, for example hurting oneself, as a relief, than it might be more acceptable. For example in the Czech republic is not forbidden to curse â€Å"kurva† if you hurt yourself. The purpose of swearing is quite obvious, it can come out of surprise, or anger or it may be used when people want to upset someone.Teenagers usually use some swear words when talking to their friends to look â€Å"cool†. In a recent study by Stenstrom, Andersen and Hasund (2002:64), it has been found that swearwords can be used as intensifiers to put more emphasis on adjective or adverb (extremely, fucking crap), abusives to refer to a person you are talking with (you dickhead/sod/motherfucker) or expletives expressing strong feelings, or serving as an oath or curse (for fuck’s sake, shit). Reasons for using slang British lexicographer Partridge (1993) pointed out a good deal of reasons for using slang.These were: to have fun by using playful expressions; to be different by using new expressions; to make your talk seems more witty, inventive and humorous; to be picturesque; to draw attention; to escape from cliches, or to be brief and concise; to enrich the language; to be solid, concrete or abstract; to strengthen or reduce your statement; to soften unpleasant situations; to reduce or disperse the seriousness of a conversation; to entertain the audience; for a social purposes to induce either friendliness or intimacy; to show that one belongs to a certain school, trade, profession or social class; to not be understood by others; to show someone that he or she is not a part of a group. For instance Stenstrom (2002:16) provides an example that shows how someone is not a part of a group. He gave a tape recorder to few teenagers, so they could record their daily conversations. The following is a transcription of one of these conversations: Johnny: We can’t have a squeak in this room. Get out. Brett: I’m not a fucking squeak, I’m just in a choir. Bradley: /laughing/ Yeah, precisely Rick: /laugh/ Ah that just shows your ignorance dunnit really? Yeah I’m a member of that one. Johnny: Shows my ignorance?Brett: Yeah if you weren’t ignorant you’d know there’s four parts to a choir and not just one castrate section. Johnny: And you’re in the Castro section? Brett: /laugh/ No I’m not. Johnny: With a laugh like that you’ve gotta be. Rick: Actually I tell you one good thing about being in this choir yeah, I’m in this little choir tonight, chamber choir yeah, which is only about, which is only about like eight or nine people yeah? Bradley: Oh so you’re the creme de la choir As we can see Johnny is using the slang word â€Å"squeak† when speaking about Brett and, who are members of the school choir. By this he means that they have mutating voice, while singing in the choir and he is also making a fun, that they are castrated.An important aspect of adolescence is to be perceived as â€Å"cool† or accepted by one’s peers. Because being â€Å"cool† also usually means being popular, and popularity is connected with higher social status. Teenager’s desire for being part of a group, and also being a popular member of a group, may by many be considered one of the most important matters in this point of their life. Teenagers have a tendency to favor unique styles of music or clothes. They choose own friends and places where they like to spend their free time. And they also tend to use specific language. So that the usage of particular phrases, words and slang expressions might be seen as an identity marker for them.The aims of young people are to be independent and free, so that they may use rather informal language than formal, to express their positive or negative attitudes towards other people or situations. Nevertheless at the same time they should be aware about choosing right language, while talking with different people. If they are not capable to choose right way to talk for example with older people, then there is no surprise they might be perceived cheeky, rude or less intelligent. Sources and factors influencing teenage speech Compared with the past days, when the society was not influenced by the mass media, the talk of teenagers is very different today. It is mainly affected by the pop-culture. Most teenagers have access to the same music, films, TV shows, and advertisements and especially they have the connection to the internet.Before the introduction of mass media such as internet, television or radio, slang varied mostly according to the regions you lived in. However in present days as there is a poss ibility to access the world via these electronic medias, adolescents share same or very similar culture. The reason why are these sources included to this essay is that they are influencing adolescent’s language and at the same time they help to spread this language quickly and easily. According to editor of the Oxford English Dictionary Jesse Shaidlower, technology has been one of the biggest drivers of new vocabulary for centuries. [13] There is no doubt that the internet is a great source of influence on the English language.In 2010 there were made an experiment by Salzburg academy about the addiction on media including internet. They asked students in ten universities around the world not to use internet, phone, email or any media for 24 hours. The results were comparable with withdrawal symptoms from drugs or alcohol. [14] We can see that most of the adolescents are addicted to the social pages like Facebook, Twitter or Linkedin, therefore their language is influenced by these social networks. Abbreviations like â€Å"LOL† (laughing out loud), â€Å"OMG† (Oh my God), â€Å"FB† (Facebook) or â€Å"BTW† (By the way) appear on internet pages every day and sometimes you can hear them in a normal spoken language as well.Also there is a grammar issue, because while chatting in the internet grammar is usually missing so the message like this can easily appear: â€Å"BTW hope u r F9 2day. † (By the way hope you are fine today. ) Teenagers tend to save time by reducing proper words to acronyms or symbols. We may say that Net Lingua is slang used among the internet at emails, social networks, online games, etc. We can also find many slang expressions which comes from TV shows, films or advertisements. For example according to Tagliamonte (2005) TV-show Friends popularized the usage of intensifiers such as â€Å"so† and â€Å"very as a means to emphasize some point of view. Another example is the popularization of th e greeting â€Å"Wassup? which is the colloquial pronunciation of the phrase â€Å"What's up? †. It became popular after the screening of the commercial campaign for Budweiser beer in 1999. [15] This phrase was also used in one of the episodes of a popular TV show How I Met Your Mother named Trilogy Time. Another element which influences the adolescent talk is the music they listen to. Most of them prefer main-stream music like pop, pop-rap or pop-rock or hip-hop music. And mainly hip-hop music is the one which has been influencing the English language already for some time. Hip hop renew and usurped already existing words like â€Å"cool†, â€Å"soul†, â€Å"chill†, â€Å"swing† and many other. ConclusionThis assignment has given the overview of lifestyle and speech among today's teenagers and it has find out why teenagers tend to use particular slang to express their identity. Moreover it served the main sources, which influences adolescentsâ₠¬â„¢ language like internet, television or music. It also mentioned the question if the use of slang may leave a bad impression on people they talk with. It was not easy to write about slang, because there are so many sources considering this topic. So that I chose to write about the group I thought uses slang the most, about teenagers. Firstly I tried to explain the term slang, show its origins and development.I have found that for the first time slang appeared in connection with teenagers in 1818. This work showed that above the general slang, adolescents’ talk also include vague, vogue, proxy, small words, taboo and swear words. According to Stenstrom, Andersen and Hasund (2002: 65) this typical vocabulary can be described with a term â€Å"slanguage†. This essay has shown teenagers use the slang to express positive or negative attitudes towards people or situations. On the one hand they use it to support their values, attitudes, and uniqueness and to show their sym pathy for someone. On the other hand they use it to draw the attention, shock, to show the rebellion or antipathy.Perhaps the most important aspect in the life of a teenager is to be perceived as cool. This essay showed that the way teenagers use their language can make them either popular for their peers or outsiders. References: ABC News (2011). OMG! The OED [Hearts] A Few New Words. [ONLINE] Available at: http://abcnews. go. com/US/omg-oed-words/story? id=13220816#. UIgSOsVrit8. 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